Terminology
Motor Neuron Disease (MND)
Motor Speech Disorder (MSD)
Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP)
Augmentative/Alternative Communication Device (AAC)
Motor Speech Disorder (MSD)
Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP)
Augmentative/Alternative Communication Device (AAC)
Dysarthria
There are several types of Dysarthrias that can occur in children and young people. All types of Dysarthria affect the articulation of consonants, causing the slurring of speech.
Spastic Dysarthria Due to damage of the Pyramidal Tract. Phonation: Vocal quality is harsh. Pitch is low, with pitch breaks occurring in some cases. Resonance: Hyper-nasality typically occurs Prosody: Bursts of loudness are sometimes noted Articulation: range of movement, tongue strength, speech rate and voice onset time for stops are reduced. Flaccid Dysarthria Results from damage to the lower motor neurons (cranial nerves) involved in speech. Phonation: Harsh and low volume or breathiness and reduction in loudness Resonance: Hyper-nasality Prosody: Mono-pitch and mono-loudness may occur Associated Characteristics: Lack of innervation may cause twitching of muscle fibers especially visible in the tongue. Ataxic Dysarthria Due to damage to the cerebellar control circuit. Phonation: Harsh, explosive voice quality Resonance: Hyper-nasality not common, but may occur. Prosody: Tend to place equal and excessive stress on all syllables spoken. Articulation: Sounds especially slurred. Patients sound almost inebriated. Gait is affected in the same way. Hyper-kinetic Dysarthria Due to lesions of the basal ganglia. Its predominant symptoms are associated with involuntary movement. Phonation: Harsh, strained, or strangled voice quality. Resonance: Hyper-nasality is common. Speech: When voluntary speech movements are made there is often a super-imposition of involuntary movements. Mixed Dysarthria Characteristics will vary depending on whether the upper or lower motor neurons remain most intact. (McCaffrey, 1998) |
ApraxiaDevelopmental Apraxia of Speech
(DAS) Apraxia of Speech (AOS) Developmental Verbal Apraxia (DVA) Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) Verbal Apraxia (VA) Verbal Dyspraxia (VD) Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is the current preferred terminology to describe the disorder. All of the above terms refer to the same disorder. In most instances, use of either of the terms Apraxia or Dyspraxia appear to be based on personal preference. The term Apraxia, however, is the choice used nearly exclusively to describe the adult form of the disorder. Praxis "skilled movement." The use of the descriptor "developmental" in the terms DAS and DVA unfortunately provides a false implication to professional groups and insurance reimbursers that the speech difficulties of affected children are akin to "delays" in development; are transient and can be simply outgrown without direct intervention. (Gretz, 1997) |
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MAYO Clinic Research |